Yes. MSDeploy supports a skip directive that lets you skip parts of the sync. The directive is kind of f***ing complcated, but it will get the job done. In your case, you want to skip all files that "Don't look like *.asp". This is complicated since you want to skip a negative condition.
Add this parameter to your command line:
-skip:objectName=filePath,absolutePath=\.(?!asp)
Now your sync will only sync ASP files.
If you wanted to skip just a given folder called "foobar", its a little easier
-skip:objectName=dirPath,absolutePath=\\foobar
What follows the absolutePath in both cases is a regular expression to match against. In the first example, that regular expression is a negation which will match all files that don't look like *.ASP.
Hope that helps